El poder de las palabras: el movimiento de los inmigrantes indocumentados en Chicago
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32870/vinculos.v0i14.7482Palabras clave:
inmigrantes indocumentados, movimientos sociales, legitimidad, discurso.Resumen
Los sistemas democráticos se caracterizan por presumir la apertura de espacios que permiten una mayor pluralidad de voces para la toma de decisiones. Sin embargo, bajo el esquema tradicional, esta participación es exclusiva de aquellos actores que son reconocidos por el Estado. A su vez, dentro de los sistemas democráticos existen minorías, como los migrantes indocumentados, que carecen de voz y voto. A pesar de su limitado acceso formal a la política, como movimiento social, los indocumentados buscan adquirir legitimidad a través del discurso y así mejorar su calidad de vida. El presente artículo aborda y analiza la estructuración del discurso de los indocumentados a partir de la experiencia del movimiento en Chicago. Se sostiene que hay una creciente comprensión de la forma en que puede deslizarse en el sistema político estadounidense para articular y abogar por sus intereses, a pesar del contexto anti-inmigrante.Citas
Agerholm, Harriet (2017). “Chicago mayor declares city ‘Trump-free zone’ after US President declares he will scrap daca immigration programme. The Independent. Recuperado de http:// www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/chicagomayor-trump-free-zone-rahm-emanuel-daca-dreamers-programme-us-president-sanctuary-city-a7931646.html
Ávila, Oscar y Antonio Olivo (2006). “A show of strength”. En Chicago Tribune, 11 de marzo. Chicago, Ill.
Bada, Xóchitl (s.f.). “The participation of Mexican Hometown Associations (HTAS) in immigrant rights advocacy: New Trends and Challenges in the Chicago Metropolitan Area. Recuperado de https://clas.uchicago.edu/sites/clas.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/ BadaMHRNAC.pdf
Barreto, Matt A.; Sylvia Manzano; Ricardo Ramírez y Kathy Rim (2009). “Mobilization, Participation, and Solidaridad: Latino Participation in the 2006 Immigration Protest Rallies”. En Urban Affairs Review, vol. 44, núm. 5.
Batalova, Jeanne; Sarah Hooker; Randy Capps y James D. Bachmeier (2014). daca at the Two-Year Mark: A National and State Profile of Youth Eligible and Applying for Deferred Action. Washington D.C.: Migration Policy Institute.
Bloemraad, Irene (2015). “Reimaging the Nation in a World of Migration: Legitimacy, Political Claims-Making and Membership in Comparative Perspective”. En Nancy Foner y Patrick Simon (coord.), Fear, Anxiety, and National Identity. Nueva York: The Russell Sage Foundation.
Borjian, Ali (2018). “Academically Successful Latino Undocumented Students in College: Resilience and Civic Engagement”. En Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, vol. 40, núm 1.
ChicagoTribune staff and wires (2018). “‘Dreamers’ march in Chicago as Democrats dig in on immigration”. En Chicago Tribune. Recuperado de http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ ct-met-dreamers-march-chicago-20180118-story.html
Eltagouri, Marwa (2017). “Number of unauthorized immigrants living in Illinois down 10 percent”. En Chicago Tribune. Recuperado de http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-illinoisimmigrants-met-20170102-story.html
Glover, Robert W. (2011). “Radically Rethinking Citizenship: Disaggregation, Agonistic Pluralism and the Politics of Immigration in the United States”. En Political Studies, vol. 59.
Hazan, Miryam (2006). Incorporating in the United States and Mexico: Mexican Immigrant Mobilization and Organization in Four American Cities. (Tesis doctoral). Texas: Universidad de Texas en Austin.
Lindekilde, Lasse (2014). “Discourse and Frame Analysis: In-Depth Analysis of Qualitative Data in Social Movement Research”. En Donatella Della Porta, Methodological Practices in Social Movement Research. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
López, Gustavo y JensManuel Krogstad (2017). “Key facts about unauthorized Immigrants enrolled in DACA”. Recuperado de http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/25/ key-facts-about-unauthorized-immigrants-enrolled-in-daca/
Mena Robles, Jorge y Ruth Gomberg-Muñoz (2016). “Activism After DACA: Lessons from Chicago’s Immigrant Youth Justice League”. En North American Dialogue, vol. 19, núm 1.
Meyer, David S. y Daisy Verduzco Reyes (2010). “Social Movements and Contentious Politics”. En Kevin T. Leicht y J. Craig Jenkins (cords.), Handbook of Politics: State and Society in Global Perspective. Nueva York: Springer.
new american economy (2016). “The Contributions of New Americans in Illinois”. Recuperado de http://www.newamericaneconomy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/nae-il-report.pdf
Nicholls, Walter J. y Tara Fiorito (2015). “Dreamers Unbound: Immigrant Youth Mobilizing”. En New Labour Forum, vol. 24, núm 1.
Notimex (2018). “Asestan Nuevo revés a Trump; determinan qué DACA sigue”. En Excélsior. Recuperado de http://www.excelsior.com.mx/global/2018/02/27/1223152
Pallares, Amalia (2010). “Family Matters: Strategizing Immigrant Activism in Chicago”. En Xóchitl Bada, Jonathan Fox y Andrew Selee (coords.), Latino Immigrants in the Windy City: New Trends in Civic Engagement. Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
Paral, Rob (2003). “Chicago’s Immigrants Break Old Patterns”. Recuperado de https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/chicagos-immigrants-break-old-patterns
Passel, Jeffrey S. y D’Vera Cohn (2017). “20 metro áreas are home to six-in-ten unauthorizedimmigrants in U.S.” Recuperado de http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/02/09/us-metro-areas-unauthorized-immigrants/
Pathieu, Diane; Michelle Gallardo y Leah Hope (2017). “May Day in Chicago: Thousands march for immigrant rights”. En Abc7 Chicago. Recuperado de http://abc7chicago.com/news/may-day-in-chicago-thousands-march-for-immigrant-rights/1939699/
Pew Research Center (2016). “U.S. unauthorized immigration population estimates”. Recuperado de http://www.pewhispanic.org/interactives/unauthorized-immigrants/map/mexican-share/
Reus-Smit, Christian (2009). “La estructura constitucional de la sociedad internacional y la naturaleza de las instituciones fundamentales”. En Arturo Santa Cruz (coord.), El constructivismo y las relaciones internacionales. México: CIDE.
Seif, Hinda (2016). “We Define Ourselves”: 1.5-Generation Undocumented Immigrant Activist Identities and Insurgent Discourse”. En North American Dialogue, vol. 19, núm 1.
Tarrow, Sidney (1998). Power in Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Vega, Yllber (2015). “Trump: Mexicanos traen crimen y drogas y son violadores”. En CNN. Recuperado de http://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2015/06/16/trump-mexicanos-traen-crimen-y-drogas-yson-violadores/
Vonderlack-navarro, Rebecca (2011). The Bi-national Path to Immigrant U.S. Political Incorporation: Chicago’s Mexican Hometown Associations, State Projects, and Social Mobilization in an Era of Globalization. (Tesis doctoral). Chicago, III.: Universidad de Chicago.